He was a merchant's clerk from the Italian city of Genoa, part-time weaver (the son of a skilled weaver), and expert sailor. In return for bringing back gold and spices, they promised Columbus 10 percent of the profits, governorship over new-found lands, and the fame that would go with a new tide: Admiral of the Ocean Sea. Spain decided to gamble on a long sail across an unknown ocean. Portuguese sailors were working their way around the southern tip of Africa. Now that the Turks had conquered Constantinople and the eastern Mediterranean, and controlled the land routes to Asia, a sea route was needed. There was gold in Asia, it was thought, and certainly silks and spices, for Marco Polo and others had brought back marvelous things from their overland expeditions centuries before. Like other states of the modern world, Spain sought gold, which was becoming the new mark of wealth, more useful than land because it could buy anything. Spain had tied itself to the Catholic Church, expelled all the Jews, driven out the Moors. Its population, mostly poor peasants, worked for the nobility, who were 2 percent of the population and owned 95 percent of the land. Spain was recently unified, one of the new modern nation-states, like France, England, and Portugal. For, like other informed people of his time, he knew the world was round and he could sail west in order to get to the Far East. The information that Columbus wanted most was: Where is the gold? He had persuaded the king and queen of Spain to finance an expedition to the lands, the wealth, he expected would be on the other side of the Atlantic-the Indies and Asia, gold and spices. These traits did not stand out in the Europe of the Renaissance, dominated as it was by the religion of popes, the government of kings, the frenzy for money that marked Western civilization and its first messenger to the Americas, Christopher Columbus.Īs soon as I arrived in the Indies, on the first Island which I found, I took some of the natives by force in order that they might learn and might give me information of whatever there is in these parts. These Arawaks of the Bahama Islands were much like Indians on the mainland, who were remarkable (European observers were to say again and again) for their hospitality, their belief in sharing. With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want. They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They were well-built, with good bodies and handsome features. They willingly traded everything they owned. brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and hawks' bells. When Columbus and his sailors came ashore, carrying swords, speaking oddly, the Arawaks ran to greet them, brought them food, water, gifts. Columbus, The Indians, and Human ProgressĪrawak men and women, naked, tawny, and full of wonder, emerged from their villages onto the island's beaches and swam out to get a closer look at the strange big boat.
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You can also make hand-washing fun, Gurwitch said, by having kids sing “Happy Birthday” twice or the ABC song, both of which take about 20 seconds, the time experts recommend you spend washing. You can say things like, “in our family, we always wash our hands because it helps us be healthy.” For them, you can simply frame hand-washing as part of a family routine, Weissbourd said. Toddlers and preschoolers, however, may be too young to understand much about coronavirus or how germs work. You can also say that it’s even more important than usual to wash our hands because coronavirus is spreading rapidly, and washing our hands is one of the best ways we know to help keep ourselves safe. For kids who are old enough to understand, “it’s okay to tell children that we wash our hands because sometimes germs get on our hands, and if germs get on our hands and we don’t get rid of them, they can make us sick,” Gurwitch told Vox. But this can be hard to explain to little kids who might rather be playing or getting right to snacktime. One of the most important things people can do to protect themselves and others during this pandemic is washing hands frequently. “Very few of us like being passive in the face of uncertainty and a lot of worry, and the extent we’re doing things that feel productive, we’re going to feel better,” Weissbourd said. You can also emphasize the things your family is doing to stay as healthy as possible, like washing hands or avoiding social gatherings, Gurwitch said. The risk Covid-19 poses for children, explained For example, parents can tell kids, “our doctors and our nurses are working really, really hard to make sure that everybody, if they do get sick, can get better again.” What you can say, Gurwitch advises, is that you are doing everything you know of to make sure everyone in the family stays as healthy as possible and that, “if we get sick, then we’re going to do everything we know how to do to make sure we get better again.” You can also point to people in the community who are helping keep others safe and healthy (an old Mister Rogers technique). And Robin Gurwitch, a psychologist and professor at Duke University School of Medicine, says it’s important not to minimize kids’ fears or tell them there’s no possibility they or their family will get sick, because unfortunately that’s not true. These are probably the scariest questions on a lot of kids’ minds right now. Lee/The Boston Globe via Getty Images Will I get sick? Will my parents get sick? What happens if we do? The Rhode Island family, like many others, is home all day due to the coronavirus pandemic. Vox spoke to experts about how parents can respond to kids’ questions in ways that help them feel supported and teach them to be part of a larger community - even during a time of social distancing.Ĭecilia Conway plays with the family cat, Darla, with her brother and stepfather in the background. And whatever their age, a lot of kids have questions right now, whether it’s about why they need to wash their hands so much, when they’ll be able to see friends and grandparents again, or what happens if someone they love gets sick. With younger ones, however, it might be better to project as much calm as possible. With older kids, Weissbourd said, it can be okay to acknowledge that it’s normal to feel some anxiety right now, and that you’re feeling it, too. “To the extent that you can, taking care of yourself is really important,” he said. 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Rare, but more serious lung issues include pneumothorax, when air leaks into the space between your lungs and your chest wall, and pulmonary embolism, blood clots in one or more of the lungs’ arteries, which can occur after orthopaedic surgery or prolonged periods of rest after an injury. The good news is that treatment often results in improved athletic performance. You may need to visit a pulmonologist for adequate testing to determine if EIB is the root of your chest pain. This can often be worse at certain times of the year or when exercising in certain environments. Called exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB), it can cause sharp chest pains and make breathing difficult. When chest pain strikes during or immediately after exercise, the most common cause is a spasm of the lungs’ small airways. “Medications you may take for pain such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, naproxen, etc.) can irritate the lining of the stomach, also contributing to GI upset and chest pains,” Dr. Also, tensing your abdominal muscles during exercise increases the pressure in your stomach, thereby forcing your stomach contents up into your esophagus. In response to training, the small muscular band (sphincter) around the bottom of your esophagus can relax, allowing food and acid in your stomach to rise into your esophagus and cause a burning sensation. That’s because when you’re training, food moves more slowly from your stomach into your intestines. What’s more, gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD, or heartburn) is common among athletes and is easy to mistake for heart pains (hence the more common term for GERD, “heartburn”). “For instance, athletes often put themselves through periods of fasting and feasting, which can cause stomach upset,” says Dr. This can be related to the way you eat, what you eat and how you exercise. Do you have gastrointestinal problems?Īthletes are at increased risk of gastrointestinal (GI) issues that cause chest pains. Stimulants such as caffeine, which are found in many energy drinks, can also speed up the heart, increase blood pressure and contribute to the problem. These conditions can result in spikes in heart rate or blood pressure as well as hyperventilation (rapid deep breathing), which can contribute to chest pains. “However, anxiety and even panic disorders and depression are not uncommon in young athletes,” says Dr. While the condition is benign, the cause is unclear.Īdvertising Policy Look for increased heart rate, blood pressure & breathingĪthletes are often high achievers, competitive and motivated. Precordial catch syndrome causes sharp localized pains that strike during deep breathing, most often in young adults. And we have all experienced “stitches.” Most common when athletes start a training program, these are usually just muscle spasms. It’s common in rowers, competitive weightlifters, tennis players and other athletes.Īthletes also may experience Tietze’s syndrome, an inflammatory disorder that affects the chest wall cartilage. Injury to the chest as well as constant, repetitive movement with intense training can also cause costochondritis, an inflammation of the cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone. Athletes such as boxers, football players and lacrosse players often receive hard hits to their chests, which can bruise or fracture their ribs and cause intense pain. Sports can cause a lot of wear and tear on the body, and sometimes you can feel it in your chest. Chest pain can be caused by trauma and inflammation Check out these common causes of chest pains in young athletes - and learn what you should do if and when pain strikes. If heart problems are ruled out, determining the exact cause of your chest pains can often be tricky. What are the common causes of chest pain in young athletes? A medical evaluation can help you be sure. “Luckily, in young athletes, it typically isn’t a sign of heart trouble,” says sports cardiologist Tamanna Singh, MD. You might be surprised to learn that chest pain is actually more common in athletes than it is in sedentary people. But no one is immune to heart problems, and symptoms are ignored at our peril. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. |
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